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Record W1980245119 · doi:10.1093/jel/eqm032

Trail Smelter II: Transnational Application of CERCLA

2007· article· en· W1980245119 on OpenAlex
Gerrit Betlem

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Environmental Law · 2007
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicInternational Arbitration and Investment Law
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsLiabilityJurisdictionHarmDamagesLawArbitrationEnforcementBusinessEnvironmental protectionPolitical scienceEnvironmental science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Transboundary pollution—Environmental liability—CERCLA—Extraterritoriality—Jurisdiction—Citizen suits—Transnational enforcement—EU Environmental Liability Directive—EU ‘Rome II’ Regulation Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals Ltd ., 452 F.3rd 1066 (9th Cir. 2006) The most famous case about transboundary pollution in public international law is known as Trail Smelter . 1 The case concerns a Canadian lead-zinc smelter in Trail, British Columbia, close to the US border with the State of Washington, causing environmental damage in the latter as a result of air pollution. Arbitration at the interstate level took place and the principles of international law about states’ obligations to prevent transboundary harm were clarified. States must not use or permit the use of their territory where serious injury is caused to another state in breach of its obligations; the source state is responsible in international law in damages and must prevent future damage. 2 This all happened between 1925 and 1941. Subsequently and before, hazardous materials including...

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.909
Threshold uncertainty score0.821

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.206
Teacher spread0.198 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it