Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transboundary pollution—Environmental liability—CERCLA—Extraterritoriality—Jurisdiction—Citizen suits—Transnational enforcement—EU Environmental Liability Directive—EU ‘Rome II’ Regulation Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals Ltd ., 452 F.3rd 1066 (9th Cir. 2006) The most famous case about transboundary pollution in public international law is known as Trail Smelter . 1 The case concerns a Canadian lead-zinc smelter in Trail, British Columbia, close to the US border with the State of Washington, causing environmental damage in the latter as a result of air pollution. Arbitration at the interstate level took place and the principles of international law about states’ obligations to prevent transboundary harm were clarified. States must not use or permit the use of their territory where serious injury is caused to another state in breach of its obligations; the source state is responsible in international law in damages and must prevent future damage. 2 This all happened between 1925 and 1941. Subsequently and before, hazardous materials including...
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".