Stratified turbulence at the buoyancy scale
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerical simulations of forced stratified turbulence are presented, and the dependence on horizontal resolution and grid aspect ratio is investigated. Simulations are designed to model the small-scale end of the atmospheric mesoscale and oceanic submesoscale, for which high horizontal resolution is usually not feasible in large-scale geophysical fluid simulations. Coarse horizontal resolution, which necessitates the use of thin grid aspect ratio, yields a downscale stratified turbulence energy cascade in agreement with previous results. We show that with increasing horizontal resolution, a transition emerges at the buoyancy scale 2πU/N, where U is the rms velocity and N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. Simulations with high horizontal resolution and isotropic grid spacing exhibit a spectral break at this scale, below which there is a net injection of kinetic energy by nonlinear interactions with the large-scale flow. We argue that these results are consistent with a direct transfer of energy to the buoyancy scale by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the large-scale vortices. These findings suggest the existence of a distinct subrange of stratified turbulence between the buoyancy and Ozmidov scales. This range must be at least partially resolved or parameterized to obtain robust simulations of larger-scale turbulence.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it