A preliminary study of processing seafood shells for eutrophication control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Shells from the seafood processing industry in New Zealand are currently an under‐utilized waste resource. In this study we investigate the processing conditions required for the creation of calcium oxide (lime) from green‐lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) shells. Lime is commonly used in wastewater treatment for the removal of phosphorous compounds from water, thus providing a means of eutrophication control. Mussel and oyster shells were processed in a horizontal tube furnace at various temperatures (650–800 °C) in both air and nitrogen environments. From X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and weight‐loss measurements, the extent of limestone calcination was found to increase with increasing furnace temperature for both shell species and furnace atmospheres. Analysis showed that the lime was present as a layer on the surface of the shell particles. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, significant changes in the surface morphology of the raw shells were observed as a result of heat treatment in both air and nitrogen atmospheres. Preliminary testing of shells heat‐treated in both air and nitrogen atmospheres indicated that both types of shell removed about 90% of phosphates in water within 30 min, whereas up to 40% of phosphates were removed with untreated shells. Our results for heat‐treated oyster shell differ slightly with studies in the literature, which report an absence of compositional and structural changes in an air atmosphere. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".