An exact test to detect geographic aggregations of events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Traditional approaches to statistical disease cluster detection focus on the identification of geographic areas with high numbers of incident or prevalent cases of disease. Events related to disease may be more appropriate for analysis than disease cases in some contexts. Multiple events related to disease may be possible for each disease case and the repeated nature of events needs to be incorporated in cluster detection tests. RESULTS: We provide a new approach for the detection of aggregations of events by testing individual administrative areas that may be combined with their nearest neighbours. This approach is based on the exact probabilities for the numbers of events in a tested geographic area. The test is analogous to the cluster detection test given by Besag and Newell and does not require the distributional assumptions of a similar test proposed by Rosychuk et al. Our method incorporates diverse population sizes and population distributions that can differ by important strata. Monte Carlo simulations help assess the overall number of clusters identified. The population and events for each area as well as a nearest neighbour spatial relationship are required. We also provide an alternative test applicable to situations when only the aggregate number of events, and not the number of events per individual, are known. The methodology is illustrated on administrative data of presentations to emergency departments. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a new method for the detection of aggregations of events that does not rely on distributional assumptions and performs well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.021 | 0.160 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".