Distribution and Host Range of Hawthorn-Infesting <I>Rhagoletis</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important pest of apples (Malus spp.) and model system for sympatric speciation via host shifting for phytophagous insects. The distribution of R. pomonella is well-characterized in the United States and Canada, but it is poorly characterized in Mexico, where it may represent a different, allopatrically isolated taxon. Here, we report results of a nationwide survey aimed at determining the distribution and host range of hawthorn-infesting Rhagoletis in Mexico. Eight of the 13 endemic species of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) were collected in temperate high-altitude habitats (1,600–2,800 m) across 21 Mexican states. Five of the eight hawthorns were confirmed to be hosts for Mexican R. pomonella. Fly populations were found throughout most of the natural distribution of hawthorn in Mexico. Mean pupal mass for fly populations clustered into two large weight groups associated with hawthorn species exhibiting different fruiting phenologies. Pupae infesting early fruiting hawthorns along the Sierra Madre Oriental were lighter than pupae infesting late-fruiting hawthorns across the Eje Volcánico Trans Mexicano. The differences in pupal weight may reflect host-related environmental effects or be genetically based, the latter implying the possible existence of two phenologically differentiated and geographically distinguishable fly taxa in Mexico. We discuss the significance of our findings for the phylogeography and adaptive radiation of the R. pomonella sibling species group, to which the hawthorn race belongs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".