Thermodynamics of electrolytes in mixed solvent media Application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although for a long time considerable attention has been paid to the application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach to describe the thermodynamic properties of a variety of aqueous electrolyte solutions, such studies in mixed solvent media are still scarce. The present paper discusses the application of the Pitzer ion interaction approach in the case of electrolyte solutions in mixed solvent media. In particular, a comprehensive equation for the thermodynamic properties of hydrochloric acid in dioxanewater mixtures within the temperature range 273.15 to 323.15 K has been generated in the ion interaction (Pitzer) equation form on the basis of electrochemical cell measurements of the hydrochloric acid available in the literature. It was necessary to set varying values of the exponential coefficients α 1 and α 2 of the standard Pitzer model in different mixed solvent media to achieve a satisfactory fit. The present model quantitatively reproduces the experimental cell electromotive forces over the entire concentration and temperature range used for the experiments. The Pitzer ion interaction approach is, thus, proved to be a very valuable method for the correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties of electrolytes in mixed solvent media. The implications of the Pitzer ion interaction parameters (β (0) , β (1) β (2) , and C ϕ ) have also been discussed in terms of interionic forces. The present study also stresses the need for additional emf measurements to help interpolation through the dioxane composition. Key words: Pitzer's equations, Pitzer ion interaction parameter, activity coefficients, emf, hydrochloric acid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".