The Structure of Forward Facing Step Flows in Adverse Pressure Gradient
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports an investigation of the effects of adverse pressure gradient on turbulent flows over forward facing step. Three adverse pressure gradients were created for this study using diverging channels. A particle image velocimetry technique was used to conduct measurements in the streamwise-wall-normal (x-y) planes at the mid-plane of test section at several locations downstream to 68 step heights. A Reynolds number of Reh = 4800 and δ/h = 4.7 were employed, where h is the mean step height and δ is the approach boundary layer thickness. The results include the mean flow and turbulence quantities as well as proper orthogonal decomposition analysis. The mean reattachment length obtained indicates that the adverse pressure gradient created in this study does not have significant effects on the reattachment length. The triple velocity correlations imply that there is negative transport of turbulence kinetic energy close to the wall and positive transport away from the wall. In addition to the physical insight, the high quality data reported are useful for assessing the ability of turbulence models to reproduce the behaviour of complex flows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".