Mobilization of soil loads on buried, polyethylene natural gas pipelines subject to relative axial displacements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of buried, medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes subject to movements relative to the soil in the direction of the pipe axis is investigated by full-scale physical model testing conducted using a large soil box. A new closed-form solution was developed to account for the nonlinear material response of MDPE pipes under axial loading, and the analytical results are compared with the results obtained from the full-scale pipe pullout testing. The closed-form solution provides a rational framework to estimate the response of the pipe (i.e., level of strain, force) and the mobilized frictional length along the pipe for a known relative axial pipe movement. The approach, in turn, could be used to estimate the relative axial movements needed for pipe failure, which is an important consideration in the evaluation of field-performance of pipe systems located in areas of potential ground movement. The methodology is an important initial step towards the development of representative axial soil-springs representing complex pipe–soil interaction encountered in relatively extensible, buried polyethylene (PE) pipe systems subject to soil loading arising from ground movements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".