Metastable boundary conditions of water‐in‐oil emulsions in the hydrate formation region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A stepwise pressurization method was proposed for determining the metastable boundary conditions of water‐in‐oil emulsions in the hydrate formation region. The metastable boundary pressures of four water‐in‐n‐octane emulsions in the presence of methane gas were determined at four specified temperatures. The experimental results show that the metastable boundary pressures increase with decreasing water droplet sizes. A thermodynamic model was developed for calculating the metastable boundary conditions of a water‐in‐oil emulsion in which assuming that the collapse of a metastable emulsion requires the formation of a stable hydrate film with a critical thickness on the surfaces of water droplets. The model was used to correlate the experimental data and determine the critical thickness of the hydrate film. It was demonstrated that the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental data. The determined critical thickness is at nanoscale, ranging from 14 to 40 nm, which decreases with decreasing water droplet sizes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".