Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease and other comorbidities in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients compared to the general population. Five hundred PD patients were chosen randomly from one author's (A.H.R.) database. Age- and sex-matched controls were derived from 270 patients with essential tremor from the same database and from 490 patients in a general practitioner's database. Age, hypertensive status, smoking status, coronary artery disease, orthostatic hypotension, diabetes mellitus, and symptomatic cerebrovascular disease (stroke or transient ischemic attack) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson chi(2) testing and binary logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and orthostatic hypotension was similar among groups. The PD group had more patients who never smoked and less current smokers than the other groups. While there were similar frequencies of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease among groups, the prevalence of stroke was lower in PD patients. This difference disappeared upon stratification into groups based on smoking status and in the addition of smoking as a covariate in the multivariate analysis. Diminished smoking in PD patients likely plays a role in our finding of decreased stroke in patients with PD. Increased access to appropriate neurological care and subsequent prevention of stroke after a warning transient ischemic attack may also play a role, as may diminished levels of excitotoxic neurotransmitters in PD patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".