Telon dye removal from Cu(II)-containing aqueous media using p-diphosphonium organo-montmorillonite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ion-exchange of montmorillonite with para-bis(triphenyl phosphonium methylene)-benzene ions (p-TPhPMB) provided an organo-montmorillonite adsorbent with improved affinity towards Telon dyes. Adsorption tests applied to Telon-red and Telon-blue in the presence of Cu(II) cations revealed a significant increase in the maximum adsorption capacity from ca. 11-26 for the starting clay mineral to ca. 110-160 mg.g-1 after intercalation. This improvement was attributed to increases in both the organophilic character towards the organic dyestuffs investigated and the interlayers spacing. Besides dye-diphosphonium and Cu(II)-diphosphonium interactions, dye adsorption on organo-montmorillonite also involved the formation of Cu(II) exchanged Telon-dye species. It was found that dye adsorption involves not only binary interactions between the three chemical species, but also synergy due to a possible bridging action of the divalent Cu(II) cations. On organo-Mt, the organophilic character was a key factor for higher amounts of adsorbed dye.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".