Application of rice husk ash as fillers in the natural rubber industry
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rice husk ash (RHA) obtained from agricultural waste, by using rice husk as a power source, is mainly composed of silica and carbon black. A two‐stage conventional mixing procedure was used to incorporate rice husk ash into natural rubber. For comparison purposes, two commercial reinforcing fillers, silica and carbon black, were also used. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at various loadings, ranging from 0 to 40 phr, was investigated. The results indicated that RHA filler resulted in lower Mooney viscosity and shorter cure time of the natural rubber materials. The incorporation of RHA into natural rubber improved hardness but decreased tensile strength and tear strength. Other properties, such as Young's modulus and abrasion loss, show no significant change. However, RHA is characterized by a better resilience property than that of silica and carbon black. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the dispersion of RHA filler in the rubber matrix is discontinuous, which in turn generates a weak structure compared with that of carbon black and silica. Overall results indicate that RHA can be used as a cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved mechanical properties are not critical. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 34–41, 2005
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it