Local strain on a leachate collection pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Local strain measurements opposite gravel contacts and around a single isolated perforation are reported for a high-density-polyethylene pipe (320 mm outside diameter, 32 mm thick) typical of that commonly used as part of the leachate collection system in municipal solid waste landfills. Emphasis is given to examining the localized effect of coarse gravel contacts on pipe strain and the strain distribution around the perforation. The laboratory testing featured a cylindrical volume of soil with the pipe located in the middle with radially compressive stresses applied along the outer perimeter of the backfill. Two different backfill materials were used. When tested with medium sand backfill the pipe response was essentially uniform, indicative of the near-continuous support and loading provided by the sand. Large variations in local pipe strains were measured with coarse gravel backfill, such as that used in landfill leachate collection systems. Local bending induced by the discontinuous support and loading from the coarse gravel resulted in variations in circumferential and axial strains of over 40%. The local bending effects were not sufficiently large to produce circumferential tension in the pipe tested. A multiplication factor of 1.5 is suggested to account for increases in compressive strain from the coarse gravel. Measurements of surface strain around an isolated 32 mm diameter perforation revealed that a complex three-dimensional response is induced by the presence of the hole. Maximum strains near the hole were found to be 2.7 times larger than those distant from the perforation.Key words: leachate collection pipes, HDPE pipes, leachate collection systems, landfill design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".