Effect of Heating in Steam-Based-Oil-Recovery Process on Deformation of Shale: A Compositional Thermal Strain Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During steam-based-oil-recovery processes (e.g., cyclic steam stimulation and steam-assisted gravity drainage), heat is transmitted from wellbore and reservoir to surrounding formations. The thermally induced deformation in shale can affect wellbore integrity and caprock integrity. In this paper, a compositional thermal strain model was proposed to quantify the thermally induced deformation in shallowly buried shale. The fabric of shale was examined and considered in the model. Thermally induced deformation in shale is contributed by the thermal deformation of shale-solid minerals, dehydration in clay, and thermal plastic strain (grain or particle rearrangement) in shale. Under drained heating, shale can contract or expand depending on its mineralogy, composition, structure, and the imposed temperature. The proposed thermal strain model was validated against the laboratory-test result of a shale sample retrieved from a heavy-oil field in the western Canada sedimentary basin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".