Organic acid exudation by <i>Laccaria bicolor</i> and <i>Pisolithus tinctorius</i> exposed to aluminum in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibit varying degrees of aluminum (Al) tolerance and often confer Al tolerance to their host trees. The mechanisms of Al tolerance operating in ectomycorrhizae have yet to be elucidated. We exposed cultures of Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton and Pisolithus tinctorius Coker & Couch to Al in vitro and assessed organic acid production and the accumulation of Al and other nutrients in mycelia. Both L. bicolor and P. tinctorius were tolerant of Al in culture media at concentrations up to 500 µM. Aluminum did not significantly alter patterns of organic acid exudation in L. bicolor. Exposure to Al changed organic acid exudation profiles of P. tinctorius, altering patterns of tartrate, glycolate, and formate production and inducing oxalate production. Although growth was unaffected by Al in media, the concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Fe in mycelia were significantly reduced by exposure to Al in both species. The concentration of Al in mycelia increased with media Al concentration, with P. tinctorius accumulating four times more Al than L. bicolor. These results suggest that organic acid production may not be involved in Al tolerance in these ectomycorrhizal fungi, since patterns of exudation were not affected by Al in L. bicolor and the production of oxalate by P. tinctorius was ineffective at ameliorating Al-induced changes in ion accumulation by mycelia of this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".