New Vanadium Compounds in Venezuela Heavy Crude Oil Detected by Positive-ion Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins are ubiquitous in nature, particularly iron porphyrins (hemes) and magnesium dihydroporphyrins or chlorophylls. Oxovanadium (IV) complexes of alkyl porphyrins are widely distributed in petroleum, oil shales and maturing sedimentary bitumen. Here we identify new vanadium compounds in Venezuela Orinoco heavy crude oil detected by Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). These compounds likely have the main structure of porphyrin, with the addition of more aromatic rings, thiophene and amino functional groups, corresponding to molecular series of C(n)H(2n-40)N(4)V(1)O(1) (36 ≤ n ≤ 58),C(n)H(2n-42)N(4)V(1)O(1) (37 ≤ n ≤ 57),C(n)H(2n-44)N(4)V(1)O(1) (38 ≤ n ≤ 59),C(n)H(2n-46)N(4)V(1)O(1) (43 ≤ n ≤ 54),C(n)H(2n-48)N(4)V(1)O(1) (45 ≤ n ≤ 55),C(n)H(2n-38)N(4)V(1)S(1)O(1) (36 ≤ n ≤ 41),C(n)H(2n-40)N(4)V(1)S(1)O(1) (35 ≤ n ≤ 51),C(n)H(2n-42)N(4)V(1)S(1)O(1) (36 ≤ n ≤ 54),C(n)H(2n-44)N(4)V(1)S(1)O(1) (41 ≤ n ≤ 55),C(n)H(2n-46)N(4)V(1)S(1)O(1) (39 ≤ n ≤ 55),C(n)H(2n-27)N(5)V(1)O(1) (29 ≤ n ≤ 40),C(n)H(2n-29)N(5)V(1)O(1) (34 ≤ n ≤ 42),C(n)H(2n-33)N(5)V(1)O(1) (31 ≤ n ≤ 38),C(n)H(2n-35)N(5)V(1)O(1) (32 ≤ n ≤ 41),C(n)H(2n-27)N(5)V(1)O(2) (32 ≤ n ≤ 41) and C(n)H(2n-29)N(5)V(1)O(2) (33 ≤ n ≤ 42). These findings are significant for the understanding of the existing form of vanadium species in nature, and are helpful for enhancing the amount of information on palaeoenvironments and improving the level of applied basic theory for the processing technologies of heavy oils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".