A dual-mode highly efficient 60 GHz power amplifier in 65 nm CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 60 GHz power amplifier utilizing a novel technique to achieve high efficiency at high output power levels. The proposed topology provides the capability of dual mode operation. The output power of a conventional class A power amplifier will be combined with the power provided by an amplifier operating at a different class to achieve higher efficiency at higher output levels. Driver stages to provide high power gain consist of an enhanced cascode stage followed by a common source amplifier with transformer-coupled impedance matching networks. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS process, the measured gain of the 0.32 mm2 power amplifier is 17.7 dB at 60 GHz with a wide 3dB band width of 12 GHz while consuming 378 mW from a 1.2V supply. A maximum saturated output power of 16.8 dBm is measured with the 14.5% peak power added efficiency at 60 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".