Two-Stage Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Dairy Manure for Nutrient Release, Solids Reduction and Reducing Sugar Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H2O2-AOP) aided with dilute sulfuric acid was applied in a two-stage treatment of dairy manure for nutrient release, solids reduction, and reducing sugar production. A much higher hydrogen peroxide dosage (1.2 g H2O2/g TS) was used in Stage 2 than that in Stage 1 (0.38 g H2O2/g TS). Most of the reducing sugar was produced in Stage 1, and only a small amount produced in Stage 2. The highest reducing sugar yield of 15.5% was obtained at 160℃, 0 mL H2O2/, and 20 min of heating time. With a high hydrogen peroxide dosage and a higher operating temperature of 160℃ in Stage 2, the nutrient release conversion rate was much higher in Stage 2 than Stage 1. All of total phosphorus was converted to orthophosphate, and a very high ammonia concentration was obtained in the treated solution. The results indicated that the MW/H2O2/-AOP operated under the reducing process (without hydrogen peroxide) provided the best yield of reducing sugar; however, when operated under an oxidative process (with hydrogen peroxide), it favoured nutrient release and solids disintegration. The concentration of total chemical oxidation demand (TCOD) in the treated solution decreased with an increase of temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and heating time. Soluble chemical oxidation demand (SCOD) concentration decreased with a very high hydrogen peroxide dosage. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration decreased with an increase of hydrogen peroxide dosage. Ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations increased with an increase of temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".