Voltammetric Study of the Inhibition Effect of Polyethylene Glycol and Chloride Ions on Copper Deposition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Voltammetry and multistep chronoamperometry–voltammetry experiments have been conducted to study the inhibition of reduction on a copper substrate in the presence of and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Among the aspects investigated is the dynamics of inhibiting film formation from the change in current as PEG and are added at fixed potential. The effect of the additives is slow acting and relatively small at concentrations below where PEG completely covers the substrate but becomes large and rapid when the substrate becomes completely covered and reduction is strongly inhibited. The hysteresis observed in cathodic scans at intermediate PEG and concentrations is shown to arise largely due to the slowness with which the inhibiting film is restored after its removal during the forward scan. Furthermore, the restoration of the film is found to be much slower than the process by which it first forms. Multistep experiments indicate that PEG can adsorb in the presence of in a -free solution, but does not strongly inhibit deposition when subsequently immersed in a solution. Only when and PEG are present in the solution where is being reduced is strong inhibition observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".