“If two ride a horse, one must ride in front”: Married Women’s Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada’s Naturalization Act 1881 followed Britain’s lead in requiring a woman’s nationality to conform to that of her husband. Analysis of the interwar campaign to change the law sheds light on the link between the status of women and dominion autonomy; the continuing reluctance to admit immigrant women to the full privileges of citizenship; the role of national women’s organizations in maintaining Canada’s future as a white settler nation; and the emergence of new ways of justifying and maintaining male legal privilege at a time when ideas about gender and marital equality were gaining some traction. By 1946, when Canada’s Citizenship Act declared citizenship to be independent of marriage, and Canadian citizenship to be independent of British subject status, the emancipation of married women from their husbands’ nationality tracked the disengagement of Canada from the British Empire. La loi canadienne de 1881 sur la naturalisation a suivi l’exemple britannique en exigeant que la nationalité d’une femme se conforme à celle de son mari. L’analyse de la campagne menée dans l’entre-deux-guerres pour changer la loi met en lumière plusieurs choses : le lien entre le statut de la femme et l’autonomie du dominion, la réticence persistante à donner aux femmes immigrantes les pleins privilèges de la citoyenneté, l’action des organisations féminines nationales pour assurer l’avenir du Canada en tant que nation de colonisation de race blanche, et l’émergence de nouvelles façons de justifier et de maintenir la supériorité légale du sexe masculin alors même que l’idée d’égalité sexuelle et maritale prenait son élan. En 1946, quand la Loi sur la citoyenneté canadienne a séparé la citoyenneté du mariage et la citoyenneté canadienne du statut de sujet britannique, l’émancipation des femmes mariées par rapport à la nationalité de leur mari a fait écho au désengagement du Canada par rapport à l’Empire britannique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.042 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".