Hot topics in behavioral and neural genetics

The Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Behavioral and Neural Genetics Society (IBANGS) was held in San Diego, CA, USA on November 8–10, 2001, as an official satellite symposium of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (SFN). The meeting was a huge success, attracting over 100 participants from many different countries. During the meeting, the first issue of the new journal, Genes, Brain and Behavior (or G2B for short), was presented to the membership and then during the subsequent SFN meeting to the neuroscience community as a whole and was generally very well received. The IBANGS meeting was not only a success quantitatively, but also qualitatively. In what follows, several participants report on the highlights of the different sessions of the meeting. Obviously, not all presentations could be discussed. However, the program and abstracts of the meeting (as well as those of previous meetings) will remain available online at the IBANGS website (http://www.ibngs.org). The molecular traces of memories are subtle and the successful hunt for these ghosts in the machine requires experimental finesse, tenacity, and effective models. The 2001 San Diego IBANGS meeting opened with presentations by Mark Mayford (Scripps Research Institute) and Josh Dubnau (Cold Spring Harbor) on the potential of harnessing microarrays to reveal the molecular footprints of long-term memory. Mayford's presentation (‘Microarrays, mutants and memory’) highlighted a number of the technical and conceptual hurdles that need to be leapt over, or side-stepped, in order to define the set of genes whose expression is modulated during learning. Dubnau's presentation (‘Functional genomics of memory in Drosophila’) evoked yet more fly envy among most mammals in the audience and affirmed the statistical maxim of strength in numbers. The key technical issue can be crudely rephrased as questions about the size and location of an engram. Is memory distributed or focal? Does long-term memory involve limited populations of cells and synapses – the so-called sparse encoding model – or does memory have a larger cellular and synaptic impact? If laying down a new memory involves tweaking a few spines and synapses then the typical ‘A vs. B’ whole tissue comparisons (a chunk of striatum/amygdala/hippocampus or the whole fly head in Mayford's and Dubnau's cases, respectively) may be frustrating and unfruitful. RNA profiling may need to achieve quantal levels of resolution and very high signal-to-noise (S : N) ratios. The Affymetrix microarrays used by both Mayford and Dubnau are sensitive down to sub picomolar concentrations – five to 10 transcripts per cell – but data generated by single arrays are still noisy, and detecting the modulation of low transcripts requires a of cells and a number of : are a of the of and in those in is a and statistical to the set of The is strength in will be to and the molecular of the engram. 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