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Upper limits on a stochastic gravitational-wave background using LIGO and Virgo interferometers at 600–1000 Hz
J. Abadie, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, M. R. Abernathy, T. Accadia, F. Acernese, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, P. Ajith, B. Allen, E. Amador Ceron, D. Amariutei, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, K. Arai, M. A. Arain, M. Araya, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, D. Atkinson, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, B. E. Aylott, S. Babak, P. T. Baker, G. Ballardin, S. Ballmer, J. C. Barayoga, D. Barker, F. Barone, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, M. Bastarrika, A. Basti, J. C. Batch, J. Bauchrowitz, Th. S. Bauer, M. Bebronne, Kenneth M. Beck, B. Behnke, M. Bejger, M. G. Beker, A. S. Bell, A. Bellétoile, Ilya Belopolski, M. Benacquista, J. M. Berliner, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, N. Beveridge, P. T. Beyersdorf, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, J. Birch, R. Biswas, M. Bitossi, M. A. Bizouard, E. Black, J. K. Blackburn, Lindy Blackburn, D. G. Blair, B. Bland, M. Blom, O. Bock, T. P. Bodiya, C. Bogan, R. Bondarescu, F. Bondu, L. Bonelli, R. Bonnand, R. Bork, M. Born, V. Boschi, S. Bose, L. Bosi, B. Bouhou, S. Braccini, C. Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, V. B. Braginsky, M. Branchesi, J. Brau, J. Breyer, T. Briant, D. O. Bridges, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, V. Brisson, M. Britzger, A. F. Brooks, D. Brown, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, J. Burguet–Castell, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, R. L. Byer, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, E. Calloni, J. B. Camp, P. Campsie, J. K. Cannizzo, K. C. Cannon, B. Canuel, J. Cao, C. D. Capano, F. Carbognani, L. Carbone, S. Caride, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, F. Cavalier, G. Cella, C. Cepeda, E. Cesarini, O. Chaibi, T. Chalermsongsak, P. Charlton, E. Chassande‐Mottin, S. Chelkowski, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Chen, A. Chincarini, A. Chiummo, H. S. Cho, J. H. Chow, N. Christensen, S. Chua, C. T. Y. Chung, S. Chung, G. Ciani, F. Clara, Daniel E. Clark, J. A. Clark, J. H. Clayton, F. Cleva, E. Coccia, P.‐F. Cohadon, C. N. Colacino, J. Colas, A. Colla, M. Colombini, A. Conte, R. Conte, D. Cook, T. R. Corbitt, M. Cordier, Neil J. Cornish, A. Corsi, C. A. Costa, M. W. Coughlin, J.‐P. Coulon, P. Couvares, D. M. Coward, M. J. Cowart, D. C. Coyne, J. D. E. Creighton, A. M. Cruise, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, E. Cuoco, R. M. Cutler, K. Dahl, S. L. Danilishin, R. Dannenberg, S. D’Antonio, K. Danzmann, V. Dattilo, B. Daudert, H. Daveloza, M. Davier, E. J. Daw, R. Day, T. Dayanga, R. De Rosa, D. DeBra, G. Debreczeni, W. Del Pozzo, M. Del Prete, T. Dent, V. Dergachev, R. T. DeRosa, R. DeSalvo, S. Dhurandhar, L. Di Fiore, A. Di Lieto, I. Di Palma, M. Di Paolo Emilio, A. Di Virgilio, M. C. Díaz, A. Dietz, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, M. Drago, R. W. P. Drever, J. C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, J.‐C. Dumas, S. E. Dwyer, T. Eberle, M. Edgar, M. C. Edwards, A. Effler, P. Ehrens, G. Endrőczi, R. Engel, T. Etzel, K. Evans, M. Evans, T. M. Evans, M. Factourovich, V. Fafone, S. Fairhurst, Y. Fan, B. Farr, D. Fazi, H. Fehrmann, D. Feldbaum, F. Feroz, I. Ferrante, F. Fidecaro, L. S. Finn, I. Fiori, R. P. Fisher, R. Flaminio, Meghan E. Flanigan, S. Foley, E. Forsi, L. A. Forte, N. Fotopoulos, J.-D. Fournier, J. Franc, S. Frasca, F. Frasconi, M. Frede, M. Frei, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, T. T. Fricke, Daniel Friedrich, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, Masa‐Katsu Fujimoto, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. Gair, M. Galimberti, L. Gammaitoni, Javier A. García, F. Garufi, M. E. Gáspár, G. Gemme, R. Geng, E. Genin, A. Gennai, L. Gergely, S. Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, S. Giampanis, K. D. Giardina, A. Giazotto, S. Gil-Casanova, C. Gill, J. Gleason, E. Goetz, L. M. Goggin, G. González, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. Goßler, R. Gouaty, C. Graef, P. B. Graff, M. Granata, A. Grant, S. Gras, C. Gray, Norman Gray, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, A. M. Gretarsson, C. Greverie, R. Grosso, H. Grote, S. Grünewald, G. M. Guidi, C. Guido, Ranjan Gupta, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, Trung Ha, J. M. Hallam, D. Hammer, G. Hammond, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, J. Hanson, J. Harms, I. W. Harry, E. D. Harstad, M. T. Hartman, K. Haughian, K. Hayama, J.-F. Hayau, J. Heefner, A. Heidmann, M. C. Heintze, H. Heitmann, P. Hello, M. A. Hendry, I. S. Heng, A. Heptonstall, Víctor Gallego Herrera, M. Hewitson, S. Hild, D. Hoak, K. A. Hodge, K. Holt, M. Holtrop, S. Hooper, D. J. Hosken, J. Hough, E. J. Howell, B. Hughey, S. Husa, S. H. Huttner, T. Huynh–Dinh, D. R. Ingram, R. Inta, T. Isogai, A. Ivanov, K. Izumi, M. Jacobson, E. James, Y. J. Jang, P. Jaranowski, E. Jesse, W. W. Johnson, D. I. Jones, Gareth Jones, R. Jones, L. Ju, P. Kalmus, V. Kalogera, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J. B. Kanner, Rangachar Kasturi, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, H. Kaufer, K. Kawabe, Seiji Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, D. B. Kelley, W. Kells, D. G. Keppel, Zoltán Keresztes, A. Khalaidovski, F. Y. Khalili, Е. А. Хазанов, B. K. Kim, C. Kim, H. Kim, K. Kim, N. Kim, Y. M. Kim, P. J. King, D. L. Kinzel, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, K. Kokeyama, V. Kondrashov, S. Koranda, W. Z. Korth, I. Kowalska, D. B. Kozak, O. Kranz, V. Kringel, S. Krishnamurthy, B. Krishnan, A. Królak, S. Kumar, P. Kwee, Ping Koy Lam, M. Landry, B. Lantz, N. Lastzka, Craig Lawrie, A. Lazzarini, P. Leaci, Chang‐Hwan Lee, H. K. Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, J. R. Leong, I. Leonor, N. Leroy, N. Letendre, J. Li, T. G. F. Li, N. Liguori, P. E. Lindquist, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, N. A. Lockerbie, D. Lodhia, M. Lorenzini, V. Loriette, M. Lormand, G. Losurdo, J. D. Lough, Jing Luan, M. Lubinski, H. Lück, A. P. Lundgren, E. Macdonald, B. Machenschalk, M. MacInnis, D. M. Macleod, M. Mageswaran, K. Mailand, E. Majorana, I. Maksimovic, N. Man, Ilya Mandel, V. Mandic, M. Mantovani, Alireza Marandi, F. Marchesoni, F. Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, A. S. Markosyan, E. Maros, J. Marque, F. Martelli, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, J. N. Marx, K. Mason, A. Masserot, F. Matichard, L. Matone, R. A. Matzner, N. Mavalvala, G. Mazzolo, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. C. McGuire, G. McIntyre, J. McIver, D. J. A. McKechan, S. T. McWilliams, G. D. Meadors, M. Mehmet, T. Meier, A. Melatos, A. C. Melissinos, G. Mendell, R. A. Mercer, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, M. S. Meyer, H. Miao, C. Michel, L. Milano, J. Miller, Y. Minenkov, O. Miyakawa, G. Mitselmakher, R. Mittleman, B. Moe, M. Mohan, Soumya D. Mohanty, S. R. P. Mohapatra, D. Moraru, G. Moreno, N. Morgado, A. Morgia, Toshiyuki Mori, S. R. Morriss, S. Mosca, K. Mossavi, B. Mours, C. M. Mow–Lowry, C. Mueller, G. Mueller, S. Mukherjee, A. Mullavey, H. Müller‐Ebhardt, J. Münch, D. Murphy, P. G. Murray, A. Mytidis, T. Nash, L. Naticchioni, V. Necula, John H. Nelson, I. Neri, G. Newton, T. Nguyen, A. Nishizawa, A. Nitz, F. Nocera, D. Nolting, M. E. N. Normandin, L. K. Nuttall, E. Ochsner, J. O’Dell, E. Oelker, G. H. Ogin, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh, B. O’Reilly, R. O’Shaughnessy, C. Osthelder, C. D. Ott, D. J. Ottaway, R. S. Ottens, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, Amanda J. Page, G. Pagliaroli, L. Palladino, C. Palomba, Y. Pan, C. Pankow, F. Paoletti, M. A. Papa, M. Parisi, A. Pasqualetti, R. Passaquieti, D. Passuello, P. Patel, M. Pedraza, P. Peiris, L. Pekowsky, A. Perreca, Gianluca Persichetti, M. Phelps, M. Pichot, M. Pickenpack, F. Piergiovanni, M. Piȩtka, L. Pinard, I. M. Pinto, M. Pitkin, H. J. Pletsch, M. V. Plissi, R. Poggiani, J. Pöld, F. Postiglione, Mirko Prato, V. Predoi, T. Prestegard, L. R. Price, M. Prijatelj, M. Principe, S. Privitera, R. Prix, G. A. Prodi, L. Prokhorov, O. Puncken, M. Punturo, P. Puppo, V. Quetschke, R. Quitzow-James, F. J. Raab, D. S. Rabeling, István Rácz, H. Radkins, P. Raffai, M. Rakhmanov, B. Rankins, P. Rapagnani, V. Raymond, V. Re, K. Redwine, C. M. Reed, T. Reed, T. Regimbau, S. Reid, D. H. Reitze, R. Riesen, K. Riles, N. A. Robertson, F. Robinet, C. Robinson, E. L. Robinson, A. Rocchi, S. Roddy, Carl L. Rodriguez, M. Rodruck, L. Rolland, J. G. Rollins, J. D. Romano, R. Romano, D. Rosińska, Christian Röver, S. Rowan, A. Rüdiger, P. Ruggi, K. Ryan, P. Sainathan, F. Salemi, L. Sammut, V. Sandberg, V. Sannibale, L. Santamaría, I. Santiago-Prieto, G. Santostasi, B. Sassolas, B. S. Sathyaprakash, S. Sato, P. R. Saulson, R. L. Savage, R. Schilling, R. Schnabel, R. M. S. Schofield, E. Schreiber, B. Schulz, B. F. Schutz, P. Schwinberg, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, Frank Seifert, D. Sellers, D. Sentenac, A. Sergeev, D. A. Shaddock, M. Shaltev, B. Shapiro, P. Shawhan, D. H. Shoemaker, A. Sibley, X. Siemens, D. Sigg, A. Singer, L. Singer, A. M. Sintes, G. Skelton, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Slutsky, J. R. Smith, M. Smith, R. J. E. Smith, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, K. Somiya, B. Sorazu, J. Soto, F. C. Speirits, L. Sperandio, Michael Stefszky, A. J. Stein, Leo C. Stein, E. Steinert, J. Steinlechner, S. Steinlechner, S. Steplewski, A. Stochino, R. Stone, K. A. Strain, S. E. Strigin, A. Stroeer, R. Sturani, A. L. Stuver, T. Z. Summerscales, M. Sung, S. Susmithan, P. J. Sutton, B. L. Swinkels, M. Tacca, L. Taffarello, D. Talukder, D. B. Tanner, S. P. Tarabrin, J. R. Taylor, R. Taylor, P. Thomas, K. A. Thorne, K. S. Thorne, E. Thrane, A. Thüring, K. V. Tokmakov, C. Tomlinson, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, O. Torre, C. Torres, C. I. Torrie, E. Tournefier, F. Travasso, G. Traylor, K. Tseng, D. Ugolini, H. Vahlbruch, G. Vajente, J. F. J. van den Brand, S. van der Putten, A. A. van Veggel, S. Vass, M. Vasúth, R. Vaulin, M. Vavoulidis, A. Vecchio, G. Vedovato, J. Veitch, P. J. Veitch, C. Veltkamp, D. Verkindt, F. Vetrano, A. Viceré, A. E. Villar, S. Vitale, H. Vocca, C. Vorvick, M. Wade, A. R. Wade, L. E. Wade, M. Wade, S. J. Waldman, L. Wallace, M. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, A. Wanner, R. L. Ward, M. Wąs, M. Weinert, A. J. Weinstein, R. Weiss, L. Wen, P. Weßels, Matthew J. West, T. Westphal, K. Wette, J. T. Whelan, S. E. Whitcomb, David White, B. F. Whiting, C. Wilkinson, P. A. Willems, L. Williams, R. Williams, B. Willke, L. Winkelmann, W. Winkler, C. C. Wipf, A. G. Wiseman, H. Wittel, G. Woan, R. Wooley, J. Worden, I. Yakushin, H. Yamamoto, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, C. C. Yancey, Huan Yang, D. Yeaton-Massey, S. Yoshida, P. Yu, M. Yvert, A. Zadrożny, M. Zanolin, J.‐P. Zendri, F. Zhang, L. Zhang, W. Zhang, C. Zhao, N. Zotov, M. E. Zucker, J. Zweizig
Bibliographic record
VenuePhysical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology · 2012
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsPerimeter InstituteUniversity of Toronto
FundersScience and Technology Facilities CouncilCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareGovern de les Illes BalearsFundacja na rzecz Nauki PolskiejNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationScottish Funding CouncilScottish Universities Physics AllianceLeverhulme TrustAlfred P. Sloan FoundationNational Science Foundation
KeywordsLIGOPhysicsGravitational waveSuperposition principleGravitational wave backgroundOmegaAmplitudeAstrophysicsAstronomical interferometerHubble's lawAstronomyCosmologyInterferometryQuantum mechanicsDark energy
Abstract
A stochastic background of gravitational waves is expected to arise from a superposition of many incoherent sources of gravitational waves, of either cosmological or astrophysical origin. This background is a target for the current generation of ground-based detectors. In this article we present the first joint search for a stochastic background using data from the LIGO and Virgo interferometers. In a frequency band of 600--1000 Hz, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the amplitude of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{GW}}(f)={\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{3}(f/900\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}{)}^{3}$, of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{3}<0.32$, assuming a value of the Hubble parameter of ${h}_{100}=0.71$. These new limits are a factor of seven better than the previous best in this frequency band.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.007
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.013
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.007
Threshold uncertainty score0.035
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.042
GPT teacher head0.371
Teacher spread0.329 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
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Citations61
Published2012
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes