Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simple radiative transfer model, new estimates of the imaginary part of ice's refractive index k, and color matching functions are used to simulate colors, as seen by humans, in holes made in snowpacks. This study was inspired by recent photographs, made under overcast skies, that show a dramatic contrast between the lack‐lustre, near‐gray of holes made in a midlatitude snowpack and the vivid blue of snow holes at the South Pole. While this phenomenon has been studied before, new values of k, which are 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than the old ones in the violet‐blue region, lead to simulated sRGB color profiles that resemble closely the color photographs. Basically, colors are governed by the dependence of snow grain single‐scattering albedo on snow grain size, spectrally varying k, and the number of times photons are scattered by snow grains. It is demonstrated that profiles of upwelling fluxes within a pure snowpack at wavelengths near 0.75 μm can be used to estimate profiles of effective grain size in the uppermost 20–30 cm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".