Conflicts of 1930s Japanese Olympic diplomacy in universalizing the Olympic Movement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper argues that the Tokyo campaign became meaningful to Japan not only because the Tokyo Olympics represented an avenue of continued cultural diplomacy for 1930s Japan, but also because the bid effort became enveloped by the larger issues that confronted inter-war Japan. The Tokyo campaign actively challenged the universalistic claims made by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and argued that the Olympic Games would not be truly universal until they were held outside the West. The campaigners for the Tokyo Olympics worked for several years with novel forms of Olympic diplomacy, which included state-to-state negotiations and an all-expense-paid trip for the IOC President to Japan. The IOC responded by selecting Tokyo to be the inaugural Asian Olympics, the first held outside Europe and the United States. The success of the Tokyo bid for the 1940 Olympic Games was ultimately predicated on the fact that for both Japan and the world in the 1930s, the Olympics could no longer be considered solely as a Western monopoly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".