First directly retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone from GOME: Comparison with the GEOS‐CHEM model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the first directly retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ultraviolet measurements during December 1996 to November 1997. The retrievals clearly show signals due to convection, biomass burning, stratospheric influence, pollution, and transport. They are capable of capturing the spatiotemporal evolution of tropospheric column ozone in response to regional or short time‐scale events such as the 1997–1998 El Niño event and a 10–20 DU change within a few days. The global distribution of tropospheric column ozone displays the well‐known wave‐1 pattern in the tropics, nearly zonal bands of enhanced tropospheric column ozone of 36–48 DU at 20°S–30°S during the austral spring and at 25°N–45°N during the boreal spring and summer, low tropospheric column ozone of <30 DU uniformly distributed south of 35°S during all seasons, and relatively high tropospheric column ozone of >33 DU at some northern high‐latitudes during the spring. Simulation from a chemical transport model corroborates most of the above structures, with small biases of <±5 DU and consistent seasonal cycles in most regions, especially in the southern hemisphere. However, significant positive biases of 5–20 DU occur in some northern tropical and subtropical regions such as the Middle East during summer. Comparison of GOME with monthly‐averaged Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus in‐service Aircraft (MOZAIC) tropospheric column ozone for these regions usually shows good consistency within 1σ standard deviations and retrieval uncertainties. Some biases can be accounted for by inadequate sensitivity to lower tropospheric ozone, the different spatiotemporal sampling and the spatiotemporal variations in tropospheric column ozone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".