Critical appraisal of the cone penetration method of determining soil plasticity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plasticity is a characteristic feature that all plastic soils possess. It is shown that the soil plasticity is mainly due to undrained cohesion. Soil plasticity characteristics obtained from laboratory tests are reasonable for use only when the testing procedures adopted to determine them measure the factors responsible for the soil plasticity. It is shown that this is the case with the percussion method of liquid limit determination and the 3 mm thread rolling method of plastic limit determination. Further, it is also shown that the results obtained from the cone penetration method cannot represent the soil plasticity fully, as the mechanisms that come into play during testing relate to undrained strength due to both undrained cohesion and undrained friction. It is stressed that the percussion and 3 mm thread rolling methods must be the only ones used to determine the plasticity of soils. The circumstance under which the cone penetration method can be used is also indicated.Key words: clays, laboratory tests, plasticity, soil classification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.050 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".