Lateral behaviour of composite tapered piles in dense sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When used in harsh environments and offshore applications, conventional pile materials (such as steel, timber and concrete) are prone to costly durability problems, such as corrosion in reinforced/prestressed concrete and steel shell piles. Fibreglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites provide a corrosion-resistant construction material. FRP–concrete composite piles have been used successfully over the last decade in several projects for fendering applications. This paper investigates the behaviour under lateral loading of FRP composite tapered and cylindrical piles filled with self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and driven in dense sand enclosed in a pressure chamber. Seventeen pile installations were conducted using toe driving and conventional head driving. The piles were subsequently subjected to static lateral load tests. The results show that the pile taper increased its lateral capacity and enhanced its overall performance. A taper coefficient, K tl , was introduced to account for the taper effect on the lateral response of piles. The experimental results were compared with two commonly used approaches for the analysis of the lateral response of piles: the p–y curves approach and the strain wedge model (SWM). The taper coefficient can be easily incorporated in both methods to account for the effect of pile taper. The comparison between the measured and computed responses showed that both the p–y curve approach and the SWM, modified using K tl , can be used for the prediction of the lateral response of tapered piles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".