Kinematics of jointed pipes and design estimates of joint rotation under differential ground movements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Centrifuge testing of reduced-scale models has been used to examine the kinematics of jointed pipelines crossing normal ground faults. The model pipeline was fabricated at 1/30th scale using segments of a semicircular cross section cut from an aluminum rod. Threaded rods were used to connect those segments and model a variety of joints having longitudinal bending stiffnesses from 3% to 47% of the bending stiffness of the pipe segments. The semicircular segments were placed against a glass sidewall of the test box and buried in sand. During testing under 30g, differential ground movements of up to 70% of the pipe diameter were imposed, and the pipe movements were monitored using particle image velocimetry. It is shown that maximum rotations occur at the joints when the shear zone generated by the ground fault passes across the joint rather than the pipe segment, and that joint stiffness has little impact on the pipe kinematics. A simplified kinematic model is introduced that permits straightforward, safe estimates of maximum joint rotation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".