Increased Risk of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes at Early Gestational Ages among Maternal Cigarette Smokers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on the development of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) categorized by gestational age. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 17,961 births using data from the McGill Obstetric and Neonatal Database between years 2001 and 2006. Our exposure was defined according to self-reported maternal cigarette smoking status categorized as nonsmoker, smoker of 1 to 10 cigarettes per day, and smoker of > 10 cigarettes per day. The outcome was measured as incidence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) among gestational age categories of < 28, < 32, < 37, and > 37 weeks. Unconditional logistic regression analysis and Wald test for trend were used to estimate the adjusted risk of PPROM according to smoking status. RESULTS: Among the study population, 640 cases of PPROM (<37 weeks) and 40 cases of PROM (>37 weeks). After adjusting for confounding variables, smoking > 10 cigarettes per day was associated with an increased risk of PPROM at < 28 weeks (odds ratio [OR] 5.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.20 to 12.7); < 32 weeks (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.09 to 5.11; < 37 weeks (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.94); and > 37 weeks (OR 3.19; 95% CI 0.92 to 11.0). Smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes per day was not associated with a significant risk of PPROM at any gestational age. CONCLUSION: Heavy cigarette smoking increases the risk of PPROM more so at early gestational age than at term.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".