A 1-1-1-1 MASH Delta-Sigma Modulator With Dynamic Comparator-Based OTAs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A dynamic comparator-based OTA is introduced as a replacement for a conventional OTA. It performs charge transfer in a switched-capacitor circuit by repeatedly evaluating the polarity of the differential input using a dynamic clocked comparator and injecting current pulses at the output to move the input voltage toward zero. The amplitude of the current pulse is reduced each time the input voltage crosses zero to provide fast but accurate settling of the output voltage. Dynamic comparator-based OTAs are applied to the design of a 1-1-1-1 MASH delta-sigma modulator. The 65-nm CMOS prototype achieves a 70.4 dB peak SNDR over a 2.5-MHz bandwidth while consuming 3.73 mW from a 1.2-V supply. The 276-fJ/conv-step FoM represents a four times improvement over previously-reported delta-sigma modulators using zero-crossing-based circuits or comparator-based switched capacitors. Because of the dynamic operation of the OTAs and discrete-time delta-sigma modulator architecture, both bandwidth and power consumption linearly scale with the sampling frequency without any reconfiguration of the modulator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".