First Report of <i>Leveillula taurica</i> Causing Powdery Mildew on Pepper in Maryland
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pepper plants in large experimental plots in Beltsville, MD developed widespread powdery mildew during the late summer of 2008. Infection was observed in a diversity of accessions that included Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, and C. frutescens (2). The C. annuum accessions included culinary bell pepper cultivars and breeding lines as well as a diverse collection of ornamental breeding lines, heirlooms, and land races. Significant leaf damage occurred and led to partial defoliation. Extensive coverage of the abaxial surface by white patches of conidia was noted, along with chlorotic regions on the adaxial surface. Conidia were borne singly and were apically tapered, measuring 65.2 ± 3.2 × 14.9 ± 1.9 μm. Cleistothecia were not found on infected leaves (3). PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using ITS1-2 primers yielded a band that was cloned and sequenced (4). The pathogen was identified as Leveillula taurica based on 100% homology to GenBank Accession No. AY912077. Multiple chili pepper and bell pepper plants were inoculated with conidia from an infected bell pepper plant by placement in an enclosed spore deposition chamber for 1 week, with the infected plant suspended over the test plants. Signs of powdery mildew appeared only on inoculated plants. DNA samples from these inoculated plants were analyzed and verified as L. taurica (a sequence was deposited as GenBank No. GQ167201). A second set of inoculations using the newly infected plants confirmed results of the first test, with mildew developing only on inoculated pepper plants. This disease is new to the mid-Atlantic Region of the United States. It has been reported in greenhouse peppers growing in Ontario, Canada where it has become a recurring problem requiring fungicide intervention (1). Given the wide host range of L. taurica and the systemic nature of infections, it is likely that the fungus has become established in Maryland on perennial host plants. References: (1) R. Cerkauskas. Plant Dis. 83:781, 1999. (2) V. de Souza. Plant Pathol. 52:613, 2003. (3) C. Little. Plant Dis. 90:1358, 2006. (4) G. Saenz. Can. J. Bot. 77:150, 1999.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it