Hyperinsulinemia in nonobese women reporting a moderate weight gain at the beginning of menopause
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: At menopause, the frequent weight gain excess could be related to insulin resistance. This study evaluated the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia in nonobese women reporting a moderate increase in weight at the beginning of menopause. METHODS: Women who were postmenopausal for 1 to 5 years and reporting a weight gain of 5 to 15 kg were evaluated for weight, eating habits, physical activity, body circumferences, fasting blood glucose level, insulin level, and lipid profile. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in subgroups of 21 hyperinsulinemic women and 21 normoinsulinemic women matched for age, weight, height, body mass index, and hysterectomy. RESULTS: Among 279 postmenopausal women reporting a weight gain of 8.7 +/- 4.4 kg, insulin level was increased in 49 (17.6%) women as compared with normoinsulinemic women (108.53 +/- 31.35 vs 58.96 +/- 14.52 pmol/L, respectively; P < 0.001). Differences were also found for glucose (5.24 +/- 0.37 vs 5.05 +/- 0.42 mmol/L, respectively; P = 0.003), insulin resistance as estimated by homeostasis model assessment HOMA-2-IR (2.01 +/- 0.53 vs 1.10 +/- 0.27, respectively; P < 0.001), weight (72.6 +/- 8.0 vs 69.9 +/- 7.1 kg, respectively; P = 0.023), body mass index (28.3 +/- 2.3 vs 27.2 +/- 2.3 kg/m2, respectively; P = 0.003), and waist circumference (89.8 +/- 5.8 vs 86.0 +/- 6.5 cm, respectively; P < 0.001). Triglyceride levels were higher (1.47 +/- 0.66 vs 1.17 +/- 0.61 mmol/L, respectively; P = 0.002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower (1.54 +/- 0.35 vs 1.72 +/- 0.42 mmol/L, respectively; P = 0.007) in the hyperinsulinemic and normoinsulinemic groups. Although insulin levels were higher in 21 hyperinsulinemic women at all times that oral glucose tolerance tests were performed, levels of glucose were also above those of 21 matched normoinsulinemic women at 1 and 2 hours and remained greater than 6.0 mmol/L at 2 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Because insulin resistance is frequently associated with weight gain in nonobese women at menopause, the measurement of fasting insulin, along with glucose, lipids, and waist circumference, may help to identify those who are at higher risk of developing glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases and to implement early preventive measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".