WORKING TO EXIT POVERTY WHILE CARING FOR CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Since the implementation of economic reforms in 1986, levels of urbanization, industrialization, and women's labour force participation have increased in Vietnam. This article focuses on the experiences of parents in Vietnam and how labour and social conditions affect their ability to work and exit poverty while caring for their children's health and development. We interviewed a sample of 147 parents in Ho Chi Minh City using in-depth, semi-structured questionnaires. Sixty-three percent of parents had faced loss of income or promotions or had difficulty retaining jobs because they had to care for children. Fifty-eight percent of parents lost income while caring for their sick children because they had to take unpaid leave from work to care for their children or because they had to decrease productivity if they were able to continue working. Fifty percent of parents with school-age children experienced barriers to helping with homework, to attending meetings, or to participating in other aspects of their children's education. The aftermath of the Vietnamese – American War affected parents through loss of extended family members, limiting access to a major traditional source of support. The war had affected other parents by preventing them from completing their education, which left them with job choices that offer little or no work benefits. Although Vietnam has made significant progress in providing early childhood care and education and legislating labour laws, working families' experiences demonstrate the need to ensure that paid leave and work flexibility policies are available and implemented in all work sectors and to expand affordable, quality child care in order to help low-income working parents in Vietnam meet work demands and exit poverty while meeting their children's needs. Depuis la mise en place des réformes économiques en 1986, les niveaux d'urbanisation, d'industrialisation, et de participation de femmes dans le marché de travail ont tous augmenté au Vietnam. Nous penchons sur les expériences vécues par les parents au Vietnam et sur comment les conditions sociales et de travail affectent leur capacité de travailler et de sortir de la pauvreté, tout en s'occupant des besoins développementaux et de santé de leurs enfants. Nous avons interrogé un échantillon de 147 parents dans la ville de à Ho Chi Minh Ville en utilisant des questionnaires approfondis et semi-structurés. Soixante-trois pourcent des parents ont declaré des pertes de revenu ou d'avancement, ou ont éprouvé des difficultés à garder leurs emplois parce qu'ils avaient besoin de soigner leurs enfants. Cinquante-huit pourcent des parents ont declaré des pertes de revenu lorsqu'ils ont du prendre un congé non-payé pour soigner leurs enfants ou lorsqu'ils ont du diminuer leur productivité s'ils étaient capables de continuer de travailler. Cinquante pourcent des parents avec des enfants d'âge scolaire ont éprouvé des difficultes à aider avec les devoirs, à assister aux rendez-vous, ou dans autres aspects de l'éducation de leurs enfants. Les répercussions de la guerre américaine du Vietnam ont affecté les parents à travers la perte des membres de la famille étendue, ce qui a circonscrit leur accès à une source importante de soutien traditionnel. La guerre a affecté d'autres parents en les empêchant de compléter leur éducation, ce qui avait l'effet de limiter leurs choix d'emplois à ceux avec aucune indemnité ou avec des indemnités limitées. Bien que le Vietnam a fait d'avances majeures en fournissant des services éducatifs et de garde à l'enfance et en mettant en place la législation du travail, les expériences des familles sur le marché du travail mettent en évidence le besoin de garantir que le congé payé et les politiques de flexibilité au travail soient disponibles et mis en place dans tous les secteurs deu travail et d'étendre la service de garde d'enfant abordables et de qualité. Ces mesures aideraient les parents à faible revenu sur le marché du travail au Vietnam à répondre aux demandes du travail en sortant de la pauvreté et en comblant les besoins de leurs enfants. Keywords: working conditionsworking parentslow-income familiesincome losscaregivingchild carechild healthgender inequalitiesVietnamMots clés: conditions de travailparents sur le marché du travailfamilles à faible revenuperte de revenuaidants naturelsgarde d'enfantsanté d'enfantinégalités entres les sexesVietnam This research would not have been possible without the thoughtful participation of the parents who were interviewed. We are indebted to the doctors, nurses, and administrators who offered generous assistance at the interview sites. Specifically, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Phuong, Pham Viet Thanh, and Tran Thuy Duong at Tu Du Ob/Gyn Hospital; Tran Tan Tram, Hoang Trong Kim, Pham Ngoc Thanh, and Tran Minh at Children's Hospital #1; and Tran Thi Loi and Ngyugen Dinh Hoi at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Ho Chi Minh City were of tremendous help in Vietnam. Special thanks also to Aya Goto, who helped us to set up the networks necessary to get this project off the ground. The Project on Global Working Families staff provided invaluable research and staff assistance. In particular, Lan Bui, Ngan Dam, Jen Eckerman, Anna Gallardo, Anne Nguyen, Uyen-Khan Quang-Dang, Thuy-Hong Nguyen, Merav Shohet, Dung Thai, Mimi Trinh, Karen Tseng, and Erika Veley provided important assistance with translation, segment reviews, and staff assistance for this project. This research was supported by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Notes 1. Aliases are used in naming parents in the study to protect their confidentiality.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it