Drought and Associated Cloud Fields over the Canadian Prairie Provinces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little is known about clouds during drought. From 1999 to 2005 the Canadian Prairies experienced one of the most severe and prolonged droughts in the historical record. This study characterizes clouds during drought in the Canadian Prairie provinces with a particular focus on this recent drought. Drought severity was determined using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation on a 1° × 1° grid. Cloud fields from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Global Energy and Water Experiment's (NASA/GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget database were used to examine overall cloud amount, optical thickness, and top-of-the-atmosphere albedo. Anomalies in monthly precipitation in the satellite record from 1984 to 2004, with an emphasis on the recent drought from 1999 to 2004, were related to anomalies in cloud fields. During drought, a decrease in cloud amount was observed. During the spring and summer months of the 1999–2004 drought, for example, the observed cloud cover fractio...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".