Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout the western world, change is underway in systems of old age provision. The dynamics associated with this are tricky to grasp, however. Pension systems are subject to marketization yet collectivistic attitudes and public interventions persist. This article argues that the dynamics of change can be elucidated when considering the hybrid architecture of what can be labelled the culture of old age provision, with the latter seen as being shaped by two major moral rationales: the idea of pensions being a citizen's wage and the concept of the self-made pension. Comparing two western pension systems (that of Canada and that of Germany) and drawing on evidence concerning both public and non-public pension schemes, the analysis reveals a reconfiguration in the cultural architecture of these systems. The increasing marketization echoes the concept of self-made pensions but remains accompanied by a recalibration in line with the citizen's wage concept, though this occurs in new and country-specific forms. The result is paradoxical to some extent: while there is a tendency towards more liberal institutional designs, with the two-tier pension system becoming a reality in Germany too, the collectivistic impulse may turn out to be more influential in liberal Canada than in corporatist Germany.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".