Toxaphene in the United States: 2. Emissions and residues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emission factors of toxaphene for spraying and tilling events are distributed for the United States on a 1°×1° latitude and longitude grid system. By using the gridded usage and emission factors, inventories of gridded toxaphene emissions and residues in agricultural soil in the United States with 1/6°×1/4° latitude and longitude resolution have been created. Total toxaphene emissions were around 190 kt between 1947 and 1999. At the beginning of 2000, almost 20 years after banning the use of toxaphene, there were still around 29 kt of toxaphene left in the agricultural soil, of which 360 t will emit to the air in 2000. The calculated toxaphene emissions and residues are in general consistent with published monitoring data. The trends of toxaphene emissions due to current use and residues in agricultural soil in the United States match both the historical atmospheric input function for toxaphene extending over the past 40 years derived from the composition of toxaphene in peat core from eastern Minnesota to Nova Scotia, and the trends of air concentration of toxaphene in the Arctic. This indicates that toxaphene residues in the United States agricultural soil could be a major source of toxaphene in the Canadian Arctic and the Great Lakes region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".