The Minimum Amount of Stars a Galaxy Will Form
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present an analysis of the atomic hydrogen and stellar properties of 38 late-type galaxies in the local universe covering a wide range of H I mass-to-light ratios ( / L B ), stellar luminosities, and surface brightnesses. Combining the results with those of four other well-studied dwarf galaxies known for their unusually large H I contents, we identified an upper envelope for the / L B as a function of galaxy luminosity. This implies an empirical relation between the minimum amount of stars a galaxy will form and its initial baryonic mass. We also find that the star density systematically decreases with increasing / L B , making the galaxies optically more elusive. While the stellar mass of a galaxy seems to be only loosely connected to its baryonic mass, the latter quantity is strongly linked to the galaxy's dynamical mass as it is observed in the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation. We find that dwarf irregular galaxies with generally high / L B ratios follow the same trend as defined by lower / L B giant galaxies but are underluminous for their rotation velocity to follow the trend in a stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation, suggesting that the baryonic mass of the dwarf galaxies is normal but they have failed to produce a sufficient amount of stars. Finally, we present a three-dimensional equivalent to the morphology-density relation which shows that high / L B galaxies preferentially evolve and/or survive in low-density environments. We conclude that an isolated galaxy with a shallow dark matter potential can retain a large portion of its baryonic matter in the form of gas, only producing the minimum quantity of stars necessary to maintain a stable gas disk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".