266 BIRTH OF CANINE OFFSPRING FOLLOWING INSEMINATION OF A BITCH WITH FLOW-SORTED SPERMATOZOA
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Different traits and temperaments that are sex-related often underlie the selection of guide dogs used for auditory and/or visually impaired humans. The objective of this project was to select X-chromosome-bearing canine sperm by means of flow cytometry/cell sorting based on DNA content (X chromosome- bearing canine sperm contain 3.7% more DNA than Y-chromosome-bearing sperm) and use the sorted sperm for artificial insemination (AI) to produce live offspring. This technology has proven reliable for sex selecting offspring using AI in a number of species and is of great commercial value to food animal livestock production. To test the efficacy of sorted canine sperm, a 2-year-old nulliparous Labrador retriever bitch in observed heat was monitored for plasma progesterone levels for a baseline rise to 2.8 ng mL–1, indicative of the LH surge. Progesterone levels more than doubled (5.8 ng mL–1) 2 days later, suggesting ovulation. One ejaculate was collected from a proven Labrador retriever stud on each of Days 2, 5, and 6 following the estimated LH peak. Sperm (200 million) were diluted in TRIS buffer without egg yolk (pH 7.4) and stained with 97.4 µm Hoechst 33342 in 1-mL aliquots for 45 min in a 34.5°C water bath and then diluted to 100 million sperm mL–1 with 4% egg yolk TRIS (pH 6.2) containing 0.002% food coloring dye (FD&C #40). Sperm were sex-sorted using an SX MoFlo™ sperm sorter (Dako, Fort Collins, CO, USA), operated at 40 psi and using a TRIS-based medium (pH = 6.8, 370 mOsm kg–1 water) as sheath fluid: 10 000–20 000 events s–1 and sort rates of 800–2000 sperm s–1. Sorted sperm were concentrated by centrifugation for 20 min at 850 g and, after the supernatant was removed, were extended with 20% egg yolk TRIS extender (pH 6.8) to a total volume of 2 mL. Transcervical insemination of fresh, sorted sperm occurred within 9 h of the semen collection. An additional 1 mL of 20% egg yolk TRIS extender was used to flush the insemination catheter. The respective number of X-chromosome-bearing sperm inseminated per day was 46.2, 20.3, and 18.2 million, totaling 84.7 million sperm, and the weighted purity mean across the 3 sort days was 82%. Pregnancy was ascertained by ultrasound 30 days post-AI. Five puppies (3 female and 2 male) were delivered via natural birth 62 days after first AI. Only 60% of the offspring were of the predicted sex due to an 18% probability of chance, given the weighted mean purity of the sorted sperm and for a litter of 5 puppies. This demonstrates that fresh canine sperm can be separated by sex on the basis of DNA content, and transcervical insemination of low numbers of non-frozen sorted canine sperm can be used to produce live offspring. This work was funded by XY, Inc .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it