Comparative study on the behavior of square foundations resting on confined sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behavior of shallow foundations resting on laterally and (or) vertically confined sand has been investigated using physical and numerical modeling. The models were designed to simulate the frequently constructed raft foundations that are surrounded by sheet-pile walls to support excavation sides of sand underlain by a rock bed. Laboratory tests were carried out utilizing a square foundation model surrounded by rigid steel walls with different depths, resting on sand that was underlain by a rough rigid layer. Varying sand-layer thicknesses and relative densities were utilized. A three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to verify the physical-model test results and to infer the performance of full-scale foundations. Based on the results of the experimental and numerical analyses, charts are presented to estimate the enhanced bearing capacity of square foundations resting on confined sand. These charts are presented in terms of bearing capacity of the surface foundation resting on extended sand, sand relative density, wall width to foundation width ratio, and rigid layer depth. Charts are also presented to estimate settlement reductions due to the bearing sand lateral and (or) vertical confinement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".