Comparative study on the behavior of square foundations resting on confined sand
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behavior of shallow foundations resting on laterally and (or) vertically confined sand has been investigated using physical and numerical modeling. The models were designed to simulate the frequently constructed raft foundations that are surrounded by sheet-pile walls to support excavation sides of sand underlain by a rock bed. Laboratory tests were carried out utilizing a square foundation model surrounded by rigid steel walls with different depths, resting on sand that was underlain by a rough rigid layer. Varying sand-layer thicknesses and relative densities were utilized. A three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to verify the physical-model test results and to infer the performance of full-scale foundations. Based on the results of the experimental and numerical analyses, charts are presented to estimate the enhanced bearing capacity of square foundations resting on confined sand. These charts are presented in terms of bearing capacity of the surface foundation resting on extended sand, sand relative density, wall width to foundation width ratio, and rigid layer depth. Charts are also presented to estimate settlement reductions due to the bearing sand lateral and (or) vertical confinement.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it