Methodological Artifacts in Measures of Political Efficacy and Trust: A Multiple Correspondence Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many authors report a positive relationship of education and political interest with political efficacy and trust, but it is well known that both of the former are associated with response styles, such as a tendency to “strongly agree.” Since they are related to both a substantive concept (political efficacy and trust), and to methodological effects (agreement bias and a tendency to give non-substantive responses) it is important to assess whether the substantive relationship is due to methodological artifacts. Applying multiple correspondence analysis to the 1984 Canadian National Election Study, we will discuss a method which allows to test a set of items for measurement effects such as ordinality and response sets. In the given example, ordinality of the political efficacy and trust items could be confirmed only for politically interested respondents. For respondents with low political interest, there is clear evidence of a response set resulting in a tendency to “strongly agree” regardless of the direction of the items. Taken together, these findings call into question the substantive relationships reported in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.158 | 0.492 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.022 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".