Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of (<i>R</i>)-Mandelic Acid from Aqueous Solution in the Presence of the Opposite Enantiomer
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Resolution of mandelic acid (MA), a racemic compound, is presented in this article using direct crystallization from enantiomeric enriched water solutions. Final crystals with enantiomeric excess ( ee ) of ( R )-MA higher than 96.4% were obtained. Because of the presence of the opposite enantiomer (( S )-MA), it was reported that nucleation and growth of ( R )-MA was inhibited at the initial stage of the experiment (Perlberg, et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 1012−1020). In order to understand the nucleation and growth kinetics of ( R )-MA in the presence of ( S )-MA, batch crystallization experiments were performed for controlled linear cooling mode with various operating conditions. Nucleation and growth parameters were then estimated by nonlinear fitting the measured liquid concentrations obtained from the signals of in situ attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and online polarimetry with model predictions. The effects of supersaturation, seed amount, cooling rate, and the presence of opposite enantiomer on the growth and nucleation rate of ( R )-MA were discussed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it