Serotoninergic Modulation of Chloride Homeostasis during Maturation of the Locomotor Network in Zebrafish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During development, neural networks progress through important functional changes such as the generation of spontaneous activity, the expression of a depolarizing chloride gradient, and the appearance of neuromodulation. Little is known about how these processes are integrated to yield mature behaviors. We showed previously that, during the maturation of the locomotor network of the zebrafish, endogenous serotonin (5HT) increased motor activity by reducing intervals of inactivity, without affecting the active swim periods that are the target of 5HT in other and more mature preparations. Because membrane properties were constant during the rest intervals, we examined here whether 5HT modulates chloride homeostasis. We compared the effects of blocking (inward) chloride cotransport with bumetanide to the effects of 5HT and its antagonists, both behaviorally by video imaging and cellularly by whole-cell and gramicidin-perforated patch recordings. Bumetanide mimicked the effects of 5HT antagonists, by prolonging rest intervals without affecting the properties of swim episodes (duration; frequency; extent of depolarization) either behaviorally or during fictive swimming. Furthermore, bumetanide and 5HT antagonists suppressed the amplitude of depolarizing responses evoked by ionophoresis of glycine onto spinal neurons in the presence of tetrodotoxin and transiently suppressed the amplitude of responses to glycine measured after fictive swimming. The effects of bumetanide contrasted with and occluded the effects of 5HT. We suggest that, during development, endogenous 5HT modulates chloride homeostasis during the quiescent intervals and thereby offsets the long periods of quiescence commonly observed in developing networks to allow expression of sustained and behaviorally relevant activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".