Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in the Transnational Western U.S.-Canadian Borderlands
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On December 2, 1910, the SSMinnesota sailed into Seattle harbor carrying nineteen Asian Indian migrants from the Philippine islands who insisted that, because they had traveled from one part of the “United States” to another, they had a right to be admitted to the U.S. mainland. Immigration inspectors, increasingly anxious that Asian migrants would use the Philippines as a back door through which to gain entry to the U.S. mainland, immediately issued deportation orders but quickly learned that prohibiting entry to Indians from the Philippines would not be as simple as they expected. These migrants had not come from a foreign port, but from a U.S. territory where they had gained legal entry, and theirs were the first of a series of immigration challenges over the next three years in which Indian migrants sought to circumvent discriminatory immigration policies and practices at U.S. mainland ports by taking alternate routes across the American empire. Indian leaders used these immigration cases to highlight the contradictions of empire and to call for the overthrow of British rule in India. Meanwhile, U.S., Canadian, and British officials linked the political mobilization of Indians around these cases to earlier warnings that the Pacific Coast was becoming a center of sedition where Indians were challenging and exploiting restrictive immigration policies to advance radical agendas.1
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it