Postmidnight convection dynamics during substorm expansion phase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study of the dynamics of ionospheric plasma convection in the postmidnight sector during the substorm expansion phase (EP) is presented. We have found that after the substorm onset, a postmidnight anticlockwise convection vortex (PoACV) usually emerges at latitudes higher than the auroral brightening region, and an east‐to‐west flow reversal wrapping around the intensified auroras extends into the postmidnight sector. The substorm current system inferred from the relative positions of the PoACV and the auroral brightening region is in general northeast‐southwest aligned, implying a mixture of a meridional current system (MCS) and a zonal system associated with the substorm current wedge (SCW). The time delay between the formation of the PoACV and the onset depends upon the relative azimuthal location of the PoACV and the auroral brightening region. The observed postmidnight convection pattern, namely, a PoACV at higher latitudes, and an east‐to‐west flow reversal region at lower latitudes, can be explained by a combination of the nightside reconnection and the “field line slippage” process associated with dipolarization. Finally, we suggest that strong negative IMF By is the most unfavorable condition for the evolution of the PoACV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".