Cannibalism of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae and juveniles on first-week larvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cannibalism in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua is widespread under both field and culture conditions, but no studies have been conducted on the behavioural ontogeny of cannibalism in this species.We carried out an experiment to investigate the onset and ontogenetic changes in cannibalistic behaviour of Atlantic cod during early developmental stages.Cod larvae were separated into 4 size classes (6, 9, 12 and 15 mm) to monitor cannibalistic activity on first-week (~4 mm) conspecific larvae.Five cannibalistic behaviours (fixation, aggression, fin nipping, attacking and engulfing) were monitored when the predator was introduced to the observation chamber.Cannibalistic attacks initially appeared in 9 mm predators, although 6 mm larvae showed prey interest and engaged in fin nipping behaviour.The 9 and 12 mm larvae engaged in similar rates of cannibalistic activity, while 15 mm fish demonstrated a significant increase.These behavioural changes appear to coincide with the morphological and physiological changes associated with juvenile metamorphosis, namely fin ray, vertebrae and stomach development.More importantly, our observations indicate that cannibalism reduces survival of conspecifics at earlier developmental stages than indicated by diet analyses alone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".