Breeding time and sex-specific health status in the barn swallow (<i>Hirundo rustica</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Health status has been hypothesized to be an important factor associated with individual reproductive performance in birds. Sex-specific health status of early- and late-breeding barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) was studied during the prelaying and brood-rearing periods to test the prediction that early-arriving birds are in better health status than late-arriving individuals. During prelaying, early breeders (of both sexes) had lower leukocyte counts than late breeders, and males had fewer lymphocytes, heterophils, and total white blood cells than females. Sex differences in health status at arrival disappeared during brood rearing, owing to an increase in leukocytes of early-breeding males and a decrease in leukocytes of late-breeding females. Late-breeding males had a higher plasma lutein concentration than early breeders during brood rearing, and the lutein concentration increased significantly for both sexes between prelaying and brood rearing. T-cell immune response of late-breeding females was stronger than for early breeders. These results are consistent with the prediction that health status of breeding barn swallows affects individual performance in terms of breeding time. Individuals differing in quality experience different costs and benefits of early breeding, and these costs and benefits are sex specific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".