Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bilateral donations of food aid have been criticized for not responding to the need in recipient countries. U.S. food aid programs have attempted to meet humanitarian objectives while providing limited support to domestic agricultural producers and developing overseas markets, so food aid is now being examined in World Trade Organization negotiations on export competition. This paper investigates if significant policy changes in the mid 1990s by the EU, and more modest modifications to U.S. programs, have resulted in a measurable increase in donor responsiveness to need. A new specification of need is developed, and the role of chronic hunger and violent conflict are also tested as proxies for need. Results indicate that most donors are more responsive to severe shortfalls in production. Additionally, donors appear to be increasingly responsive to need over the 1990s, particularly to recipient countries experiencing violent conflict, but not to the needs of least developed countries. Results indicate that food aid is increasingly additional, an important finding for negotiations on disciplines for food aid. L'aide alimentaire bilatérale a été critiquée parce qu'elle ne répondait pas aux besoins des pays bénéficiaires. Les programmes d'aide alimentaire des États‐Unis ont tenté de satisfaire aux objectifs humanitaires tout en apportant un certain soutien aux producteurs agricoles des États−Unis et en développant des marchés d'outre‐mer, si bien que l'aide alimentaire fait maintenant l'objet d'un examen dans les négociations de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce sur la concurrence à l'exportation. Le présent article examine si les importantes modifications de politiques apportées par l'UE au milieu des années 1990, de même que les modifications plus modestes apportées aux programmes étatsuniens, ont entraîné une hausse mesurable de la sensibilité des donateurs quant aux besoins. Une nouvelle description des besoins est en cours d'élaboration, et le rôle de la faim chronique et des conflits violents est également évalué comme indicateur de besoins. D'après les résultats, la plupart des donateurs sont davantage influencés par un manque à gagner important dans la production. Depuis 1990, les donateurs semblent être de plus en plus réceptifs aux besoins, particulièrement à ceux des pays bénéficiaires touchés par des conflits violents, mais non à ceux des pays les moins avancés. Les résultats ont indiqué que l'aide alimentaire augmente de plus en plus et devient un élément important pour les négociations sur les disciplines à l'aide alimentaire.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".