Metabolic Profile and Exercise Capacity Outcomes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Brief PURPOSE Obesity remains a significant health problem for cardiac rehabilitation patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of overweight and obesity to cardiovascular risk factors in patients, and to compare the change in cardiovascular risk factor profiles in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardiac rehabilitation at a tertiary care hospital center in Ontario, Canada. METHODS Retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data for 3542 patients, ages 63 ± 11 years, stratified by body mass index (BMI), was performed. RESULTS The findings showed that 81% of the patients had a BMI exceeding 25 kg/m2, and that 35% of the patients were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and peak power output, BMI was a significant independent predictor of a higher total cholesterol level, higher fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to examine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome for each BMI group. At baseline, 77% of the obese males in classes 2 and 3 had three or more risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, as compared with 68% of the obese females in classes 2 and 3. After 24 weeks of intervention, the outcome data for 1353 patients showed that despite no change in body weight, all the BMI groups demonstrated significant improvements in metabolic profiles and peak exercise capacity. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac rehabilitation results in significant improvement in the cardiovascular risk profile at all levels of BMI, independently of weight loss. Future studies should examine whether targeting weight loss in cardiac rehabilitation further improves outcomes and the overall cardiovascular risk profile. Obesity is a significant health problem for CR patients. The authors examined the relationship of obesity to cardiovascular risk factors. The results showed that 35% of patients (n = 3542) were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). After 24 weeks, there were significant improvements in metabolic profiles and peak exercise capacity independent of weight loss. Future studies should examine whether targeting weight loss in CR further improves outcomes and overall cardiovascular risk profile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".