Sponge-Like Porous Metal Surfaces from Anodization in Very Concentrated Acids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
High surface area metals are of great importance for applications ranging from catalysts and electrodes to sensors or biomaterials. Many patents and scientific papers are devoted to a range of manufacturing approaches commonly involving multistep processing under harsh conditions, lacking general applicability and bearing the potential for contamination. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of porous metal layers by anodization at moderate voltages in highly concentrated acids. Porous metal layers were produced on copper, silver, iron and nickel using 99% phosphoric and sulfuric acids. The porous layer thickness can be tuned up to over one micrometer. Structures develop in 4 to 30 minutes independent of substrate purity or crystallographic features. The mechanism is believed to involve templated etching due to a near-stagnant bubble layer in a highly viscous electrolyte near the anode. It is therefore not dependent on any particular chemistry, as long as anodic oxygen bubbles are evolved at a sufficient rate. Since the principal processes of electropolishing are still operational, the surfaces remain flat at a larger scale, even though the optical properties (reflectivity, SERS activity) have changed significantly. Our method is reproducible, cheap, clean, fast and versatile, leading to a wider range of applications for porous metal surfaces.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it