The Pleiades Reflection Nebula. I. Ultraviolet, Optical, and Far‐Infrared Imaging Photometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present new wide-field optical and ultraviolet images of the Pleiades reflection nebula that allow a more thorough evaluation of the dust scattering than any prior data set. Vacuum-UV images were taken at 1650 and 2200 Å during the first flight of the Wide-Field Imaging Survey Polarimeter (WISP), a sounding rocket-borne telescope. WISP captured the brighter parts of the nebula at both wavelengths, with 3 σ sensitivities of 22.5 and 23.4 UV mag arcsec -2 , respectively. The 5 0 × 1 7 WISP field was also mapped at 4400 Å with a mosaic of 40 Burrell Schmidt CCD frames using a broadband B J filter. The Schmidt mosaic shows extensive and intricate nebulosity down to a 5 σ sensitivity limit of 27.6 B mag arcsec -2 , including features undetected by photographic surveys. We explore the intensity and color behavior of the nebula in our UV and optical images and far-infrared IRAS data. We find that the photometric structure near bright stars is more complex than previous studies have implied, but general trends are still apparent. The color gradients around the stars are caused by phase function effects rather than internal reddening. The greater concentration of scattered light versus thermal emission indicates that most of the observed scattering is from foreground dust. A somewhat greater concentration of UV versus optical light suggests grain scattering is more forward-directed at shorter wavelengths. The UV nebula is much fainter than expected from the stellar photometry and interstellar reddening. Explaining this UV faintness requires either more reddening than is measured or significant alterations to current dust property estimates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".